Sample Size for a Margin of Error in Statistics

Confidence intervals are found in the topic of inferential statistics.   The general form of such a confidence interval is an estimate, plus or minus a margin of error.   One example of this is in an opinion poll in which support for an issue is gauged at a certain percent, plus or minus a given percent. Another example is when we state that at a certain level of confidence, the mean is xÌ„ /- E, where E is the margin of error. This range of values is due to the nature of the statistical procedures that are done, but the calculation of the margin of error relies upon a fairly simple formula. Although we can calculate the margin of error just by knowing the sample size, population standard deviation and our desired level of confidence, we can flip the question around. What should our sample size be in order to guarantee a specified margin of error? Design of Experiment This sort of basic question falls under the idea of experimental design. For a particular confidence level, we can have a sample size as large or as small as we want. Assuming that our standard deviation remains fixed, the margin of error is directly proportional to our critical value (which relies upon our level of confidence) and inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size. The margin of error formula has numerous implications for how we design our statistical experiment: The smaller the sample size is, the larger the margin of error.To keep the same margin of error at a higher level of confidence, we would need to increase our sample size.Leaving everything else equal, in order to cut the margin of error in half, we would have to quadruple our sample size. Doubling the sample size will only decrease the original margin of error by about 30%. Desired Sample Size To calculate what our sample size needs to be, we can simply start with the formula for margin of error, and solve it for n the sample size. This gives us the formula n (zÃŽ ±/2ÏÆ'/E)2. Example The following is an example of how we can use the formula to calculate the desired sample size. The standard deviation for a population of 11th graders for a standardized test is 10 points. How large of a sample of students do we need to ensure at a 95% confidence level that our sample mean is within 1 point of the population mean? The critical value for this level of confidence is zÃŽ ±/2 1.64. Multiply this number by the standard deviation 10 to obtain 16.4. Now square this number to result in a sample size of 269. Other Considerations There are some practical matters to consider. Lowering the level of confidence will give us a smaller margin of error. However, doing this will mean that our results are less certain. Increasing the sample size will always decrease the margin of error. There may be other constraints, such as costs or feasibility, that do not allow us to increase the sample size.

Ethical Issues with Legalization of Marijuana Essay

Donna Lowe SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility Prof. Donna Falloon May 16, 2011 Marijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America behind only alcohol and tobacco, and is estimated that nearly 80 million Americans use it at least one occasion. According to government surveys, some 20 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year, and more than 11 million do so regularly despite harsh laws against its use. Being used for medicinal purposes or simply for recreational, there are not only laws to consider when the topic of legalization comes up but also ethical concerns as well. For this paper I will outline some of the uses for this drug and some of the benefits of its use. I will apply the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" A particular drug—for example, marijuana (also called hashish and bhang)—may be accepted as an appropriate adjunct to sociability in one society, used as an invaluable ingredient in religious contemplation in another, and banned by law as dangerous in a third†(Sills,1968). Since the use is illegal I bring the point of ethics to the matter. Utilitarianism is a classical theory that argues that, given a set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice. The theory also suggests that there is an obvious solution that is fair, and it may be one that appeals to common sense as well (Moser, 2010). Jeremy Bentham is considered the founder of utilitarian thought and stated that that human beings resolve their ethical questions in light of maximizing the amount of pleasure they experience while minimizing the amount of pain. He considered ethically good conduct as that which expands an individuals as well as a communitys liberty by adding to the sum total of its pleasure (what later was termed maximizing the Greatest Happiness Factor [GHF]). Conduct is unethical, then, because it limits an individuals as well as a communitys liberty and general welfare by subtracting from the GHF. So if we are to use the utilitarianism theory in regards to the legalization of marijuana, then oneShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"When Your Conscience Says Law Is Immoral, DonT Follow1038 Words   |  5 Pagesconscience says law is immoral, don t follow it.† (Washington v. Glucksberg, n.d) This line, originally from Jack Kevorkian seems to resonate deeply with the proponents of legalizing marijuana use, despite it originally referring to assisted suicide. The legalization of marijuana use had become one of the biggest hot button issues of the last decade, and is being fiercely debated across the United States. First made illegal in 1970 with the passing of the Controlled Substances Act, which declared it an addictiveRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 PagesOf the many social issues that plague American society, the issue over the legalization of Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the m ost widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of the legal use of marijuana in Canada is a highly debated issue, and with the incoming Liberal government pledging to consider the legalization, much debate is taking place among Canadians. The legalization of marijuana in Canada can benefit one’s health in a variety ways, which this paper will discuss. In Canada marijuana should be legalized provided that one is an adult, mentally sound to make one’s own decisions, and is living in a civilized society. This paper will provide backgroundRead More harmful legalization Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pages Harmful Legalization The United States government has seen fit to pass laws prohibiting the sale, manufacture, and possession of dangerous and destructive substances such as marijuana. In opportunistic and negligent haste, fringe aspects of society are seeking to undo laws regarding the restriction of marijuana. These factions have ignored the risks associated with marijuana, falsified information regarding its medical use, and ignore the greater issue with regards to the legalization of harmfulRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pages Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana is not a recent discovery, but the mysteries surrounding the controversial topic in question remains to be disputed since its prohibition. Classified as an illegal substance, cannabis has been restricted in Canada and around the world. Marijuana is a complex drug and its contradictory claims of medical purposes, and harmful destruction, fuel the debate on whether or not the legal constraints of consuming marijuana should be reconsidered. In consideration of academicRead MoreThe Battle Of Legalizing Marijuana1289 Words   |  6 Pages Jake Mincher Mrs. Hasty English 1, 1st Hour 4/20/17 The Battle to Legalize Marijuana in the United States The United States is splitting up into two sides with the date of 4/20 coming closer with one wanting the legalization of the plant substance and the other opposing it. According to the United Nations, 158.8 million people around the world use marijuana—more than 3.8% of the planet’s population. Marijuana was legalized on the 20th of April in Colorado in 2014. It has been legalized in variousRead MoreThe Issue Of Marijuana Legalization Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages The issue of marijuana legalization has been a hot topic in recent times, but to understand first why it became illegal. Marijuana became illegal the first time shortly after the Mexican Revolution ended in 1910. After their revolution, many people from Mexico brought with them their customs their ideas and with them they brought their use of marijuana as a relaxant and medicine for many ailments. Even though, the use of cannabis was already prevalent in America at the time, the term â€Å"marihuana†Read MoreAn Analysis Of An Ethical Dilemma Using The Doing Ethics Technique Essay2122 Words   |  9 Pagesanalysis of an ethical dilemma using the Doing Ethics Technique (DET) SUB TITLE NAME Stewart Armstrong STUDENT ID 11206102 EMAIL CONTACT stewart@thearmstrongs.net December 2015 Table of Contents 1. The Analysis 3 2. The Reference List 7 â€Æ' 1. The Analysis There is more public support for marijuana law reform than ever before with new polls showing more than half the country is in favor of legalizing marijuana. The Drug Policy Alliance (DPA) believes marijuana should beRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana Essay2617 Words   |  11 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Michelle Shepard Soc 120 July 16, 2012 Danielle Camacho There is no denying that the drug problem in our country today has reached an epidemic proportion. The problem has gotten so out of hand that many options are being considered to control and or solve it. Trying to end the drug war may not seen to be the best answer in the beginning, but those so-called wars on drugs have not been very successful at stopping the drug wars. I feel that there should be some differentRead More The Benefits of Medical Marijuana Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagestendered prescription medication, which in many cases further complicate health issues with its myriad of side effects. In fact, statistics have shown that approximately 100,000 people around the world die as a result of prescription drugs annually (Smith, 2012). On the contrary, according to Smith (2012) there has, in 10,000 years only 1 death that has been blamed on cannabis use. It is no wonder why cannabis or marijuana continues to play such an integral role in the medical field, despite it b eing

My Future As A Teacher - 867 Words

In this paper I will be discussing how I will plan my future as a teacher, taking into consideration what and how I need to get there. It is important that I think about the steps I need to follow and the things that may be useful in the process of becoming a successful professional. Furthermore I will include my work experience and what I have learnt from shadowing my professional in an early years setting. Qualifications. The department for Education states that getting basic qualifications is the first step towards becoming a teacher. I must have the equivalent of at least a grade C in English, Mathematics and Science. I also needed 280 UCAS points to gain a place on the Early Childhood course at University. Once I have qualified with a degree of a 2:1 or more I need to apply for the QTS (qualified teacher status) course that qualifies me to teach. I will have to pass a Skills Tests in numeracy and literacy. To prepare myself for this exam I must revise using mock tests online and study 2-3 hours a day. (Bond, 2013) It is also beneficial to have a varied range of classroom based work experience. It is ideal to show you have practical experience as well as academic theory. I have also been volunteering in a Primary School in between university term time. From shadowing my professional I have gained an understanding of some of the key ingredients in becoming an effective practitioner. Teamwork. From interviewing my professional she stated that teamwork is theShow MoreRelatedMy Future Teacher742 Words   |  3 PagesWhen I think of my future as an educator, I can only imagine how my day will proceed, but after I spent time at my field experience, I have a better idea of how my day will pass. Being a teacher means creating connections with students and being their role model. A great deal of time is spent in education, so teachers play an important role in the lives of the students. Going to school and teaching multiple classes of sixth-grade students will be exhausting, but it will also be worth every secondRead MoreMy Future Teacher1092 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a teacher is not an easy job because the society depends of what teachers do. On my personal experience teachers have made a huge impact on my life, they have not being only my professors but also my roles models and in some way my friends. There are  Ã‚  many reasons why students want to become teachers; as th e book Those Who Can, Teach  mention there are three principal reasons for taking education courses: as citizens people (to become more educated), as parents (to learn what the kids areRead MoreMy Future Career As A Teacher Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pagesbeneficial to my future career as a teacher. I was able to see different strategies or techniques that teachers use in their classroom. This helped me determine strategies that I would want to apply in my future classroom. I was also able to observe strategies that did not work at all. The observations also made it clearer why differentiation in the classroom is important. Out of all the teachers I observed, there was only one teacher who seemed to differentiate instruction. The English teacher I observedRead MoreMy Personal Goal As A Future Teacher812 Words   |  4 PagesMy personal goal as a future teacher is to encourage and challenge students as they develop their learning skills. Teaching young intellects is a significant undertaking and cannot be taken unconscientiously. It is filled with many frustrations, challenges and responsibilities. However, it is a job that is very rewarding one that is filled with pleasure, admiration and excitement. Every child is capable of learning and will do so in their distinct style. As a result, it is imperative to learn eachRead MoreMy Future Career As A Specialist Instructor / Teacher1355 Words   |  6 Pagestheir careers. Able to look at my future career as a specialist instructor/teacher in a different point of view. After reading every chapter I was able to see how I can apply some of these methods to ac hieve my goals and also be happy in my career. Most of us look at our future and think we need to pick a career that can offer us a 6 digit yearly income, without realizing if that career will bring us happiness. Drive was able to make me realize when looking at my future career I need to ask myself,Read MoreMy Future Career As A Specialist Instructor / Teacher1424 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at my future career, I need to ask myself, â€Å"What will make me happy for the rest of my life?† and not â€Å"What will make me rich?† Daniel Pink the author of Drive makes a solid, science built point regarding motivation 3.0 in his book. For the 21st century, we are in need of more people that allow themselves to have autonomy, purpose and mastery in their life. To become successful and achieve happiness in their careers. Able to look at my future career as a specialist instructor/teacher in a differentRead MoreMy Future Career Of Becoming An Elementary Teacher Essay1250 Wo rds   |  5 Pagesthis course, when I thought about diversity I would think about race almost exclusively. Through our class discussions and book assignments I have learned that diversity covers many more topics. This will help me greatly in my ideal future career of becoming an elementary teacher. Reading is such an important skill for children. Books teach so many different things. Like in one of the TED talks we watched, the speaker talked about only having books that portrayed white children. She felt like she couldn’tRead MoreThe Philosophy of Education and my Goals as a Future Teacher Essay832 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents. There will be different philosophies of education in this paper that will be discussed. Every philosophy perspectives that teachers have chosen for the students it is important because it can depends on their teaching strengths and effectiveness. The goal of any philosophy could be that every student would be able to succeed in their lives. As a future teacher, my goal it will be to establish a classroom that would be print rich environment that invites the students to learn, a safe place toRead MoreElementary School Vs. Urban School Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesexpect when we as future teacher get hired at a urban school compared to a non-urban school? How is it going to be different? These are just a few questions I had in my mind going into this field experience. The reason for this thought process was the result of the school system I grew up. The school I grew up in was mainly a white based student population and non-urban. So, before this field experience I had no idea what a urban school was going to be like as the result of my white privilege ofRead MoreEducation Is The Foundation For Much Of Our Future1043 Words   |  5 Pagesshould and how they should be taught. In my own personal opinion, the above definition is exactly what education should be – an enlightening experience. In our culture today, ther e is a huge emphasis on education. Education is the foundation for much of our future, therefore if one teaches for an enlightening experience rather than the act of simply teaching, students will be more eager to learn. Throughout my schooling and education experience thus far in my life, I have been fortunate enough to experience

Team Performance And Patient Safety Initiatives - 1305 Words

Team Performance and Patient Safety Initiatives Patient safety and quality care is the center of every health care provider’s initiatives. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report â€Å"To Err is Human†, adverse events and medical errors happen at an alarming rate with approximately 400,000 deaths a year (Epps Levin, 2015). An evidence-based practice, team strategies and tools to enhance performance and patient safety (TeamSTEPPS), is a comprehensive program that brings staff together to train and enhance patient safety initiatives (Epps Levin, 2015). The purpose of this paper is to determine the tools teams use to improve patient safety while incorporating teams’ strategies to provide quality care and how this applies to the†¦show more content†¦These elements, when put to proper use, will create an environment of teamwork, reduced medical errors, and positive patient outcomes. Leadership can support a TeamSTEPPS approach to improving patient safety and quality of care. Through financial assistance, communication effort, and a commitment to providing high-quality training to all disciplines, organizations can support the directives in TeamSTEPPS (Ward, Zhu Lampman, 2013). Team leadership is a key core competency of the Team STEPPS approach to promoting quality and preventing errors (Clancy Tornberg, 2007). Team leaders must be adept at motivating, creating a positive environment, assess performance, and creating opportunities for education and skill development (Clancy Tornberg, 2007). Partnering with a member of senior leadership is an additional strategy for increasing performance and patient safety (AHRQ, 2012). Specific strategies the senior leader can adopt are to meet with the team on a regular basis to identify and remove barriers to project success. They can accomplish this by allocating needed resources, facilitating interdepartmental communication, which increases project awareness and support at the executive level (AHRQ, 2012). The multidisciplina ry staff including physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals must work together as a team to provide

Business Class Free Essays

1) Go to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Webb site (www. bea. gov) and locate the gross domestic product data. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Class or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compare the annual figure for the last four years. What do the figures indicate for the next couple of years? In 2007 it was 4. 9%, in 2008 it was 1. 9%, in 2009 it was -2. 5%, in 2010 it was 4. 2%. 2011 is not yet out. These numbers indicated a rapid decrease and a rapid bounce back. I think for the next couple of years, the figures will rise again before a decrease comes again. ) At the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Web site (www. bls. gov) under Industries, click on Industries at a Glance to find the information about the manufacturing industry. What is the employment trend in manufacturing over the last four years (percentage change from the preceding period)? The unemployment percentage has been going down over the past four years. We are coming off of a 7. 9% unemployment rate. ) Return to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ home page and use the Search feature to find trends in employment for the state of Illinois. Look around the Web site to see what other informatio n is available. Plot the trend in manufacturing employment in Illinois over the last four years. On your own, discuss what economic changes may have influenced that trend. In 2009, there was a big unemployment filing from the manufacturing industry due to job loss. That year there was about 65,000 jobs lossed in the manufacturing field. It went from 620k in January to 553k in December. It has been staying around 560k-570k over the past few years though. There are many reasons the manufacturing employment has dropped. Automation, technology, outsourcing, and other things factor in for the decline in jobs since 2009. 4)Based on the information you have gathered, write a brief summary of what may happen to company sales over the next couple years. Based on what I have gathered, company sales will increase How to cite Business Class, Papers

Factors driving the Growth of the hotel Industry Samples for Students

Question: What is the Factors The Hotal Industry Growth in Australia ? Answer: Introduction Hotel industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Australia. With its serene beauty, the country is one of the favorite tourist places in the world. The growing tourism industry is the main cause of the rapid growth of hotel industry in Australia. The arrival of the international tourists from all over the world, Australia has felt the urge of giving an added importance to the hospitality industry. The tourism industry operates in a global competitive market. In the current scenario, the Australian market has been expanding their preferences and heading offshore as well. This literature review highlights the various drivers of growth, along with the positive effects that the growth of the Australian hotel industry has brought with itself. The importance of fulfilling the customers demand and the causes of the changes in the demand has also been discussed. The need for review of the standard of the hotels, and the type of services they provide is also mentioned in this review . Finally, the cause of the decline of some of the hotels in Australia has also been highlighted, identifying the ways it could be revived. Growth of the hotel Industry Australia has always been an important business hub with people from all over the world travelling for the purpose of business (Assaf and Agbola 2014). However, with the added importance that the Australian government has given to the tourism of the place made it an attractive tourist place as well. While people came only for the purpose of business, their demand of luxury was less (Pereira and Almeida 2014). All they preferred was a hotel that offered a comfortable stay, with a large and well-equipped meeting hall, and a standard meal (Assaf and Agbola 2014). As he travelers along with the businessmen started preferring Australia for their holiday destination, their demand for luxury started rising. Thus, the need for the growth of luxury hotels, boutique hotels, and beach bungalows started growing, giving a strong boost to the hospitality industry, along with tourisms. Factors driving the growth It is essential that Australian tourism and hotel industry stay at par with the hotel industries in the developed countries (Assaf et al. 2015). Hence, in order to ensure that, it is important that the Australian hotels incorporate the modern trends of the hotels. These include the luxurious facilities such as swimming pools, spa facilities, world class fitness centers, multi-cuisine restaurants, along with private breach facilities and customized tour plans. Travelers and tourists traveling for leisure prefer to travel without any hazards and worry, hence the hotels need to develop themselves and be well-equipped to fulfill the demands of the customers (Assaf et al. 2015). Another essential factor that contributes greatly to the growth of the tourism and hotel industry in Australia is the change in the lifestyle of the people. The increase in levels of salary and lifestyle of the people from all over the world, combined with an expansion in recreational demands, has been particularly advantageous to the tourism business in Australia (Yang and Cai 2016). The coming of technical advancements especially in the transportation made travelling much more easier. The number of voyage boats, ships and air planes became easily accessible and affordable for the people. Moreover, the automated reservation systems and ease of booking of the hotels from any end of the world have been an essential part in the worldwide development of hotel industry. Moreover, the upgraded efficiency have been ideal to the business by reducing the expenses and making travel and tourism much affordable for common people. As the hotel industry started growing, rivalry in the business also started increasing around the world. Thus, each hotel tried their best to stay ahead in competition, and kept them upgraded, to meet the demands of the customers (Pereira and Almeida 2014). The customers and travelers have received incredible rewards as far as lower costs, in order to retain the loyal customers. Special discount on early booking and schemes such as discounts on extended stays have been introduced (Solnet, Boztug and Dolnicar 2016). More inventive ways to deal with advertising and promotions are used, such that the hotel industry grows with rapidity. One of the greatest barriers that the hotel industry faced was the lack of adequate capital to fund the growth and development of a world-class hotel chain (Thorpe and Leito 2014.). However, the Australian government has taken various initiatives and funded a large number of hotel chains, as an initiative to promote tourism. This is an essential factor th at boosted the growth of the hotel industry in Australia. As calculated, about $6.5 is invested for the skilled and unskilled labors for every one dollar. Hotel management requires employees and labors with diverse skills (Solnet, Boztug and Dolnicar 2016). The employees for housekeeping, cooking, customer services are among the few to be named. Thus, with the assistance of the Australian government, the costs of setting up the hotels have reduced reasonable, increasing the number of hotels in Australia. Customer demand The rising demand of the customers and tourists is also a driving factor for the growth of hotel industry in Australia (Leung et al. 2013). Since the development of tourism in Australia has increase the number of foot fall of the tourists from all over the world, hence various people have different demands. Moreover, the increase in the variety of the number of people visiting Australia every year, the demographic factors of the tourists also contribute to the change in the demand of the customers (Manoharan, Gross and Sardeshmukh 2014). Thus, in order to cater to these demographic demands, the hotel industry have been growing steady, making improvements and improvisations. The Luxury hotel industry is considered to be an essential part of the conventional hotel industry. This also contributes largely towards the growth of the hotel business in Australia. These hotels give visitors best line benefit and lavishness, to spend their holidays in luxury (McManus 2013). These designers and proprietors ensure to provide the customers with an experience of the lifetime, by providing lavishness to the people. With the rapid growth of the hotel industry, many international hotel industrialists have started investing in the tourism and hotels of Australia (Thorpe and Leito 2014.). They have studied the growing trends of Australia, and have been confidently investing in the luxury hotel industries (Manoharan, Gross and Sardeshmukh 2014). Their predictions and market survey have been proven to be correct, since the tourism of Australia has been inviting people from all over the world, who prefer staying at these lavish and luxurious hotels. Increase in competition Earlier the picture was quite different. Since the number of luxury hotels was very few in number, hence they were expensive and not much affordable by most of the tourists. However, as the number of hotels started growing, the price that the tourist had to pay, to experience the luxury also decreased (Chon 2013). Competition increased and the hotels tried to provide the supreme experience at the lowest cost. In this way, the affordability of the hotels changed. The rise in competition also ensured that fair competition was being carried out by the various hotels of Australia. Moreover, the rise in the hotels and the tourism industry opened new avenues for employment (McManus 2013). People from all over the world, especially from the developing countries started travelling to Australia, in search of employment (Leung et al. 2015). Many people who migrated from the other parts of the world found employment in the growing hotel industries (Pereira and Almeida 2014). Thus, the number of cheap labors started increasing in Australia, facilitating the growth of the hotels. Both skilled and unskilled labors from various part of the world found employment, along with facilitating the growth of tourism in Australia. Employment opportunity As the hotel industry has been growing gradually, the employment opportunities of Australians have also been increasing. This resulted in the growth of the overall economy of Australia (Chon 2013). Large investors started investing in this industry, and creation of employment made the economy of Australia, more profound (Niewiadomski 2016.). The growth of this industry started becoming one of the major pillars of Australian economy, which earlier was just a minor part that hardly affected the economy of Australia (McLachlan 2013). The hotel industry is growing everywhere throughout the world because of increase in the number of travelers and the increase in the quest among the people to explore the world (Yang and Cai 2016). The number of travelers from India, China and other Asian nations, being the maximum, the hotels of Australia is also focused on catering to their demands. In the present year it is extremely beneficial to get into this business in Australia (McPhail et al. 2015). The footfall of travelers has significantly increased in the course of time and is the highest as compared to the past decade. The hotel business in Sydney had possessed 88.8 % of the aggregate populace before the end of 2016 (McLachlan 2013). This is the most elevated development rate throughout the years. Australia now lies among the top hotel and tourism improvement nations among the various countries of the world (Manoharan, Gross and Sardeshmukh 2014). Review of the standards As the hotel industry has been steadily rising, it is essential to review the standard of the hotels and ensure that they meet the world class standard, in order to cater to the customers from around the world. A regulatory body such as the Australian Hotel association (AHA) provides a guideline that all the hotels operational in Australia needs to follow (Australian Hotels Association, 2017). These guidelines ensure that the hotel industry of Australia, not only serves the customers well, but also become eligible enough to compete with the hotels of the developed nations such as UK and US. About 5000 people are members of the AHA, along with 6807 hotels (Australian Hotels Association, 2017). This regulation is essential, to keep a keen eye and monitor the operations of the hotels, along with regulating the standard of food being served and charges taken for each facility (Li et al. 2015). The price of the hotels is also regulated by AHA, in order to prevent unfair competition among them (Australian Hotels Association, 2017). This regulation is essential since the hotels and its facilities have to be easily affordable by the tourists (Kong and Lien 2016). The major source of income for the hotels is the food and beverages they serve, since the lodging price is regulated by the AHA. The hotels have been introducing various incorporations. These include night clubs, various night safaris, sightseeing packages and various other entertaining activities (Chon 2013). These activities keep the tourists engaged during their stay at the hotel and make their stay a memorable one (Ng and Austin 2016). Taking all the factors into account, the worldwide extravagance travel advertise has recorded a development in 2011- 2012, after a noteworthy decrease in 2009 and modest recovery in 2010 (Li et al. 2015). The interest among the customers and travelers towards the luxurious living has grown by 1.5% than the recent previous years (The World Luxury Index, 2013). One of the key drivers for this development has been the increase in the affordability of the people along with the change in the lifestyle of the people (Niewiadomski 2016.). Moreover, with the BRIC agreement, the BRIC nations, to be specific Brazil, Russia, India, and China has shown remarkable development in the hospitality industry (McPhail et al. 2015). These developments in the mentioned countries have given a strong competition to Australia and its hotel industry (Kong and Lien 2016). Sudden decline However, with so much initiatives being taken in the hotel industry, there has been a significant decline in the hotels. To be specific, the hotel industry has shrunken by 10% in the past few years (Li et al. 2015). A close investigation highlights the fact that the removals of casinos and poker machines from the hotels have caused this significant fall. Moreover, with the rapid growth of luxurious hotels, many hotels that are not well-equipped and facilitated have been facing heavy loss (Ng and Austin 2016). Thus, though the tourisms industry has experienced growth significantly, yet a part of the hotels have faced a significant decline as well. Conclusion The significance of conducting a literature review lies in the fact that the present scenario, along with the past researches on the same or similar topic is known. Along with knowledge gain, it acts as a platform from where further researches could be started. Moreover, the gaps in the actual situation and the reviewed literature are also obtained from the literature review. In this case, the present scenario of the hotel industry in Australia is highlighted along with the drivers of the growth. The factors that have been affecting the rapid growth has been presented along with the barriers that are being faced by the hotel industry, thus hindering growth has also been presented in this literature review. The various reasons of growth, along with the sudden decline of the growth of the hotel industry have also been highlighted in this review. Moreover, the position of Australian hotel and tourism industry has been reviewed and the determined. The employment opportunity that the hote l industry brings in with its growth has also been highlighted in this literature review. References Assaf, A.G. and Agbola, F.W., 2014. Efficiency analysis of the Australian accommodation industry: A Bayesian output distance function.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,38(1), pp.116-132. Assaf, A.G., Josiassen, A. and Agbola, F.W., 2015. Attracting international hotels: Locational factors that matter most.Tourism Management,47, pp.329-340. Australian Hotels Association. (2017).Here's Cheers! - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au/ [Accessed 28 Apr. 2017]. Chon, K.S., 2013.Tourism in Southeast Asia: A new direction. Routledge. Kong, E. and Lien, C.Y., 2016. Impact of social media in service innovations: An empirical study on the Australian hotel industry. InSocial Media and Networking: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 978-993). IGI Global. Leung, X.Y., Bai, B. and Stahura, K.A., 2015. The marketing effectiveness of social media in the hotel industry: A comparison of Facebook and Twitter.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,39(2), pp.147-169. Li, G., Law, R., Vu, H.Q., Rong, J. and Zhao, X.R., 2015. Identifying emerging hotel preferences using Emerging Pattern Mining technique.Tourism management,46, pp.311-321. Lockyer, T., 2013.The international hotel industry: Sustainable management. Routledge. Manoharan, A., Gross, M.J. and Sardeshmukh, S.R., 2014. Identity-conscious vs identity-blind: Hotel managers use of formal and informal diversity management practices.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, pp.1-9. McLachlan, R., 2013. Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. McManus, L., 2013. Customer accounting and marketing performance measures in the hotel industry: Evidence from Australia.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, pp.140-152. McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P. and Davidson, M., 2015. 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South African Airways Case Analysis free essay sample

Hadeir Shahin Khaya Ngqula, the CEO of South African airways is facing a big challenge, which is the striking of SAA ground staff and cabin crews, this action won’t affect only the overall performance of the company and slows down operations, but it will have a negative long term consequences as well, it may affect the company’s reputation, and thus affecting it’s prominence and perceived quality in the mind of the public. The major problem of SAA is the lack of trust, justice, ethics and commitment in the company, as the employees don’t trust there mangers, they believe that the decision making process is not fair, and managers are always violating the accepted norms of morality within the company. Firstly the absences of the authority’s trustworthiness negatively affected the employees, as mangers failed to show employees there capability of taking over the helm specially that executive’s lack aviation background, also employees didn’t perceive the authority to be benevolent or to have integrity, and that was clear when Ngqula decided to cut his management stuff in half to control costs, and suspending four managers for misconduct and failure to prevent wasteful expenditure, at the same time he was criticized by the media for incurring luxury travel expenses, more over his strategy revolved around efficiency, growth and outstanding service, without emphasizing about being helpful, supportive or loyal to his employees apart from any selfish or profit motive, all those factors resulted in the fact that SAA’s employees lack of trust to their managers. We will write a custom essay sample on South African Airways Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly the country’s history over the past years regarding the racial discrimination influenced the companies’ policies which resulted in the feeling of injustice and a biased code of ethics among employees, in addition to, the pay raise issue. Despite of the good performance and the growth of the company, managers are referring to the fuel price as a constrain that preventing them from raising the pay, as a result employees belief that the decision outcomes are not allocated using the proper norms because they have contributed to the company’s good performance and they deserve more outcome specially that the company had a year profit of $155 million and can easily afford the wage increase, also knowing that there managers are spending money on helicopter travels and luxurious hotel rooms made them feel that they are not receiving distributive justice. As a result of the former problems, employees don’t feel committed to the company, and therefore Ngqul a has to fix those problems by regaining employees trust and treating them fairly, this can be done by: approving the 8% increase in wages and start to implement an evaluation performance plan, in order to keep track of employees performance, and lay a roadmap for planning and development. He should include employees training program in his development strategy, this program should not only stress on their skills but, on the importance of positive communication and culture of kindness in the company as well; to increase SAA’s employees commitment. It’s known that integrity should come from the top managers first, that’s why telling the truth to the employees and sticking to promises will be a good start to regain their trust, also the company should introduces a solid code of ethics that prohibits racial discrimination, protects employees’ rights and preventing the misuse of the companies’ resources. Finally introducing different ways to keep employees motivated such as bonuses, pay raise and recognition, this way employees performance will increase, they will be more competitive, creative and committed to the work.